CDI Compass

CDI Work Arrangements Reading List

A curated list of research on clinical documentation integrity work arrangements.

Last updated .

Updates lists sources added, by date.

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Remote and hybrid work

  1. Association of Clinical Documentation Integrity Specialists. (2022). 2022 CDI Week industry survey.

    • Report

    Member survey reporting how many CDI professionals work remote, hybrid, or onsite, before and after the pandemic. Professional association data, not peer-reviewed.

  2. Association of Clinical Documentation Integrity Specialists. (2022). CDI salary survey 2022.

    • Report

    Member salary survey covering pay and the share of CDI staff working fully or partly remote. Not peer-reviewed.

  3. Hamada, D., Lalani, K., Brodnik, M., Fenton, S. H., Kennedy, A., Marc, D. T., Payne, V. L., & Reynolds, R. (2026). Workforce review of health information technology associate-degree graduates: 2017–2024. Advances in Health Information Science and Practice, 2(2), eah.000000002.

    Survey of HIT graduates' careers, including how common remote and hybrid work is.

  4. Sand, J. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIM professionals in a rural state. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 19(Spring), 1c.

    Study of HIM professionals in one rural state on the shift to remote work, new duties, and stress.

  5. Jones, A. M., Fan, J., Thomas-Olson, L., Zhang, W., & McLeod, C. B. (2023). Continuation of telework in the post-pandemic era: Healthcare employees' preference and determinants. Healthcare Management Forum, 36(4), 256–262.

    Survey of healthcare employees on whether and how much they want to keep teleworking.

  6. Garavand, A., Jalali, S., Hajipour Talebi, A., & Sabahi, A. (2022). Advantages and disadvantages of teleworking in healthcare institutions during COVID-19: A systematic review. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 34, 101119.

    Systematic review of 14 studies on the pros and cons of telework in healthcare.

  7. Bloom, N., Han, R., & Liang, J. (2024). Hybrid working from home improves retention without damaging performance. Nature, 630(8018), 920–925.

    Randomized trial of hybrid work at a tech company, measuring quit rates, satisfaction, and performance.

  8. Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165–218.

    • Paywalled

    Randomized experiment with call-center staff on working from home, performance, and attrition.

  9. Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541.

    • Paywalled

    Meta-analysis of 46 studies on telecommuting and outcomes such as autonomy, satisfaction, and coworker relationships.

  10. Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40–68.

    • Paywalled

    Review of telecommuting research, its definitions, and its outcomes for employees and organizations.

  11. Davis, J., & Shepheard, J. (2024). Clinical documentation integrity: Its role in health data integrity, patient safety and quality outcomes and its impact on clinical coding and health information management. Health Information Management Journal, 53(2), 53–60.

    • Paywalled

    Background on the CDI role in data integrity, safety, and quality (no abstract available).

  12. Shepheard, J. (2018). What do we really want from clinical documentation improvement programs? Health Information Management Journal, 47(1), 3–5.

    • Paywalled
    • Editorial

    Editorial on the CDI specialist role and the workforce that fills it.

  13. Rodenberg, H., Shay, L., Sheffield, K., & Dange, Y. (2019). The expanding role of clinical documentation improvement programs in research and analytics. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 16(Winter), 1d.

    Case examples from one health system on CDI work expanding into research and analytics.

Work engagement

  1. Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92.

    • Paywalled

    Original paper defining and validating the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES).

  2. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716.

    • Paywalled

    Introduces the 9-item short form of the UWES, tested across 10 countries.

  3. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328.

    Review of the Job Demands-Resources model linking job demands to burnout and job resources to engagement.

  4. Parent-Lamarche, A. (2022). Teleworking, work engagement, and intention to quit during the COVID-19 pandemic: Same storm, different boats? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1267.

    Survey of 254 Canadian employees on telework, engagement, and intention to quit.

Job satisfaction

  1. Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, 31(2), 301–318.

    • Paywalled

    Study of 321 professionals on how the amount of telecommuting relates to job satisfaction.

  2. Nakrošienė, A., Bučiūnienė, I., & Goštautaitė, B. (2019). Working from home: Characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87–101.

    • Paywalled

    Survey of 128 teleworkers on what shapes their satisfaction and self-reported productivity.

  3. Kaluza, A. J., & van Dick, R. (2023). Telework at times of a pandemic: The role of voluntariness in the perception of disadvantages of telework. Current Psychology, 42(22), 18578–18589.

    Two studies on whether choosing telework, versus being required to, changes how people view its downsides.

  4. Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693–713.

    • Paywalled

    Development of the 36-item Job Satisfaction Survey for human-service staff.

  5. DeVoy, P. S. (2021). An exploration of global leadership behavior and job satisfaction in health information management. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 18(Spring), 1d.

    Qualitative study of leadership behaviors and job satisfaction among HIM professionals.

Perceived organizational support

  1. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507.

    • Paywalled

    Original paper introducing perceived organizational support and its survey measure.

  2. Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714.

    • Paywalled

    Review of more than 70 studies on what predicts perceived organizational support and what it leads to.

  3. Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854–1884.

    Meta-analysis of 558 studies testing organizational support theory.

Return-to-office

  1. Ding, Y., & Ma, M. (2024). Return-to-office mandates: Determinants and impacts on employee satisfaction and firm financial performance [Working paper]. SSRN.

    • Working paper

    Working paper using Glassdoor data on S&P 500 firms to study return-to-office mandates, employee ratings, and firm performance. Not peer-reviewed.

  2. Ding, Y., & Ma, M. (2025). Federal government return to office mandate and employee turnover [Working paper]. SSRN.

    • Working paper

    Working paper on the federal return-to-office mandate and employee turnover. Not peer-reviewed; abstract not yet reviewed.